第 3 节
作者:管他三七二十一      更新:2021-02-19 00:30      字数:7355
  sight is being stimulated; though in reality not so stimulated; that
  we sometimes erroneously declare ourselves to see; or that; from the
  fact that touch announces two movements; we think that the one
  object is two。 For; as a rule; the governing sense affirms the
  report of each particular sense; unless another particular sense; more
  authoritative; makes a contradictory report。 In every case an
  appearance presents itself; but what appears does not in every case
  seem real; unless when the deciding faculty is inhibited; or does
  not move with its proper motion。 Moreover; as we said that different
  men are subject to illusions; each according to the different
  emotion present in him; so it is that the sleeper; owing to sleep; and
  to the movements then going on in his sensory organs; as well as to
  the other facts of the sensory process; 'is liable to illusion'; so
  that the dream presentation; though but little like it; appears as
  some actual given thing。 For when one is asleep; in proportion as most
  of the blood sinks inwards to its fountain 'the heart'; the internal
  'sensory' movements; some potential; others actual accompany it
  inwards。 They are so related 'in general' that; if anything move the
  blood; some one sensory movement will emerge from it; while if this
  perishes another will take its place; while to one another also they
  are related in the same way as the artificial frogs in water which
  severally rise 'in fixed succesion' to the surface in the order in
  which the salt 'which keeps them down' becomes dissolved。 The
  residuary movements are like these: they are within the soul
  potentially; but actualize themselves only when the impediment to
  their doing so has been relaxed; and according as they are thus set
  free; they begin to move in the blood which remains in the sensory
  organs; and which is now but scanty; while they possess verisimilitude
  after the manner of cloud…shapes; which in their rapid metamorphoses
  one compares now to human beings and a moment afterwards to
  centaurs。 Each of them is however; as has been said; the remnant of
  a sensory impression taken when sense was actualizing itself; and when
  this; the true impression; has departed; its remnant is still
  immanent; and it is correct to say of it; that though not actually
  Koriskos; it is like Koriskos。 For when the person was actually
  perceiving; his controlling and judging sensory faculty did not call
  it Koriskos; but; prompted by this 'impression'; called the genuine
  person yonder Koriskos。 Accordingly; this sensory impulse; which; when
  actually perceiving; it 'the controlling faculty' describes (unless
  completely inhibited by the blood); it now 'in dreams' when
  quasi…perceiving; receives from the movements persisting in the
  sense…organs; and mistakes it…an impulse that is merely like the
  true 'objective' impression…for the true impression itself; while
  the effect of sleep is so great that it causes this mistake to pass
  unnoticed。 Accordingly; just as if a finger be inserted beneath the
  eyeball without being observed; one object will not only present two
  visual images; but will create an opinion of its being two objects;
  while if it 'the finger' be observed; the presentation will be the
  same; but the same opinion will not be formed of it; exactly so it
  is in states of sleep: if the sleeper perceives that he is asleep; and
  is conscious of the sleeping state during which the perception comes
  before his mind; it presents itself still; but something within him
  speaks to this effect: 'the image of Koriskos presents itself; but the
  real Koriskos is not present'; for often; when one is asleep; there is
  something in consciousness which declares that what then presents
  itself is but a dream。 If; however; he is not aware of being asleep;
  there is nothing which will contradict the testimony of the bare
  presentation。
  That what we here urge is true; i。e。 that there are such
  presentative movements in the sensory organs; any one may convince
  himself; if he attends to and tries to remember the affections we
  experience when sinking into slumber or when being awakened。 He will
  sometimes; in the moment of awakening; surprise the images which
  present themselves to him in sleep; and find that they are really
  but movements lurking in the organs of sense。 And indeed some very
  young persons; if it is dark; though looking with wide open eyes;
  see multitudes of phantom figures moving before them; so that they
  often cover up their heads in terror。
  From all this; then; the conclusion to be drawn is; that the dream
  is a sort of presentation; and; more particularly; one which occurs in
  sleep; since the phantoms just mentioned are not dreams; nor is any
  other a dream which presents itself when the sense…perceptions are
  in a state of freedom。 Nor is every presentation which occurs in sleep
  necessarily a dream。 For in the first place; some persons 'when
  asleep' actually; in a certain way; perceive sounds; light; savour;
  and contact; feebly; however; and; as it were; remotely。 For there
  have been cases in which persons while asleep; but with the eyes
  partly open; saw faintly in their sleep (as they supposed) the light
  of a lamp; and afterwards; on being awakened; straightway recognized
  it as the actual light of a real lamp; while; in other cases;
  persons who faintly heard the crowing of cocks or the barking of
  dogs identified these clearly with the real sounds as soon as they
  awoke。 Some persons; too; return answers to questions put to them in
  sleep。 For it is quite possible that; of waking or sleeping; while the
  one is present in the ordinary sense; the other also should be present
  in a certain way。 But none of these occurrences should be called a
  dream。 Nor should the true thoughts; as distinct from the mere
  presentations; which occur in sleep 'be called dreams'。 The dream
  proper is a presentation based on the movement of sense impressions;
  when such presentation occurs during sleep; taking sleep in the strict
  sense of the term。
  There are cases of persons who in their whole lives have never had a
  dream; while others dream when considerably advanced in years;
  having never dreamed before。 The cause of their not having dreams
  appears somewhat like that which operates in the case of infants; and
  'that which operates' immediately after meals。 It is intelligible
  enough that no dream…presentation should occur to persons whose
  natural constitution is such that in them copious evaporation is borne
  upwards; which; when borne back downwards; causes a large quantity of
  motion。 But it is not surprising that; as age advances; a dream should
  at length appear to them。 Indeed; it is inevitable that; as a change
  is wrought in them in proportion to age or emotional experience; this
  reversal 'from non…dreaming to dreaming' should occur also。
  THE END
  。